建(jian)筑業(ye)作(zuo)為國民經(jing)濟支柱產業(ye)之一(yi)，應當(dang)把握時(shi)(shi)代發(fa)(fa)(fa)展的(de)脈(mo)絡，緊抓數(shu)字化時(shi)(shi)代的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展機遇，實現建(jian)筑行業(ye)的(de)轉型升級(ji)。全國住(zhu)房(fang)城鄉(xiang)建(jian)設(she)工(gong)作(zuo)會議提出，要(yao)深化建(jian)筑業(ye)供給側結構性改革，大(da)力發(fa)(fa)(fa)展新型建(jian)造方(fang)式(shi)，持續(xu)在工(gong)業(ye)化、數(shu)字化、綠色化轉型上下功夫。這為今后一(yi)個時(shi)(shi)期新型建(jian)筑工(gong)業(ye)化發(fa)(fa)(fa)展指明了方(fang)向，需要(yao)建(jian)筑企業(ye)共(gong)同關注(zhu)并(bing)認真落(luo)實。
新(xin)(xin)型建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)化作(zuo)為一種新(xin)(xin)興的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)生產方式(shi)，在(zai)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)正處于(yu)培(pei)育(yu)和發(fa)(fa)(fa)展階段，仍(reng)(reng)面臨諸多發(fa)(fa)(fa)展困境——從(cong)觀念角(jiao)度(du)來看，很多建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)對建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)化的(de)(de)認識略顯片面，還沒有(you)提(ti)升到企業(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)戰(zhan)略高度(du)，在(zai)思想上(shang)仍(reng)(reng)不(bu)夠重視(shi)；從(cong)市場(chang)角(jiao)度(du)來看，由于(yu)新(xin)(xin)型建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)工(gong)藝成(cheng)本(ben)偏高，勞務成(cheng)本(ben)持續上(shang)漲，導致(zhi)市場(chang)的(de)(de)接受(shou)度(du)和應用(yong)程(cheng)度(du)依然較(jiao)低；從(cong)管理(li)(li)角(jiao)度(du)來看，當前(qian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)存(cun)在(zai)著(zhu)經驗不(bu)足、創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)性不(bu)夠等問題，沒有(you)將管理(li)(li)意(yi)識與新(xin)(xin)型建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)化的(de)(de)推(tui)進同步(bu)(bu)提(ti)升；從(cong)技術角(jiao)度(du)來看，目(mu)前(qian)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)數字化發(fa)(fa)(fa)展相(xiang)對滯后，智能建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)技術發(fa)(fa)(fa)展不(bu)夠成(cheng)熟，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)機器(qi)人、智能裝備(bei)系統等新(xin)(xin)型建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)方式(shi)的(de)(de)研發(fa)(fa)(fa)和應用(yong)仍(reng)(reng)處于(yu)起步(bu)(bu)階段，這(zhe)些都是(shi)導致(zhi)新(xin)(xin)型建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)化推(tui)進較(jiao)慢(man)的(de)(de)主要因(yin)(yin)素(su)。因(yin)(yin)此，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)應當積極參與到改革創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)浪潮之中(zhong)，攻(gong)堅克(ke)難，突破關(guan)鍵(jian)技術瓶頸，共同向新(xin)(xin)型建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)化邁進。
推進新型建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)業化(hua)(hua)，設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單位應(ying)從探(tan)索基(ji)于(yu)BIM（建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)信(xin)息模型）技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)智能(neng)(neng)(neng)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)入手。設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單位要從源頭(tou)抓起，積極依托BIM技(ji)術(shu)向(xiang)(xiang)智能(neng)(neng)(neng)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)轉型。一是(shi)開展基(ji)于(yu)BIM技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)集成(cheng)(cheng)化(hua)(hua)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。應(ying)用(yong)(yong)BIM技(ji)術(shu)，統籌規劃設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、生(sheng)產、施工(gong)(gong)、運維各環(huan)節，提(ti)供全過程咨詢服(fu)務，引領(ling)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業全產業鏈向(xiang)(xiang)智能(neng)(neng)(neng)建(jian)(jian)造方向(xiang)(xiang)前進。二是(shi)打(da)造基(ji)于(yu)BIM技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)協同設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)模式。運用(yong)(yong)以BIM為核心的(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)化(hua)(hua)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)手段，打(da)造數(shu)(shu)據交互平臺，推進多專(zhuan)業一體化(hua)(hua)集成(cheng)(cheng)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，實(shi)現(xian)跨專(zhuan)業協同。三(san)是(shi)探(tan)索BIM技(ji)術(shu)在智能(neng)(neng)(neng)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)領(ling)域的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)方向(xiang)(xiang)。利用(yong)(yong)BIM對(dui)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)進行(xing)仿真，評(ping)價(jia)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)項目的(de)(de)綜(zong)合性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。利用(yong)(yong)BIM開展智能(neng)(neng)(neng)化(hua)(hua)審(shen)圖，提(ti)高(gao)審(shen)圖效率。利用(yong)(yong)BIM建(jian)(jian)立參數(shu)(shu)化(hua)(hua)標(biao)準件族庫，實(shi)現(xian)構件標(biao)準化(hua)(hua)、統一性(xing)。四(si)是(shi)加強數(shu)(shu)字(zi)孿(luan)(luan)生(sheng)技(ji)術(shu)在工(gong)(gong)程設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)階段的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)。利用(yong)(yong)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)孿(luan)(luan)生(sheng)技(ji)術(shu)形成(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)模型，輔助進行(xing)概念設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。結合GIS（地理信(xin)息系統）與BIM形成(cheng)(cheng)虛擬建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)場景，對(dui)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)孿(luan)(luan)生(sheng)體進行(xing)虛擬驗證，明確建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)實(shi)體的(de)(de)空間(jian)方位以及與環(huan)境(jing)的(de)(de)聯系，實(shi)現(xian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)優化(hua)(hua)。
推進(jin)(jin)新(xin)型建(jian)筑工(gong)業化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，預(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)構(gou)件廠(chang)(chang)商要著力(li)實(shi)(shi)現智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)轉(zhuan)型升(sheng)級。一(yi)是(shi)深入進(jin)(jin)行(xing)預(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)構(gou)件生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)調(diao)度智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)研究與應(ying)用。利(li)用算(suan)法優(you)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)調(diao)度方案(an)，構(gou)建(jian)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)調(diao)度優(you)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)模型，打(da)造(zao)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)調(diao)度系統，改變傳統低效(xiao)的人工(gong)調(diao)度模式，對(dui)預(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)構(gou)件的生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)調(diao)度進(jin)(jin)行(xing)動態優(you)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)管理，提(ti)升(sheng)預(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)構(gou)件生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)效(xiao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，應(ying)對(dui)外部(bu)環(huan)境多(duo)波動干擾(rao)，增強預(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)供應(ying)鏈韌性(xing)。二是(shi)加快建(jian)設未來智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)工(gong)廠(chang)(chang)。基于數字(zi)孿生(sheng)(sheng)技(ji)術，依托物(wu)理工(gong)廠(chang)(chang)打(da)造(zao)虛(xu)擬數字(zi)工(gong)廠(chang)(chang)模型，對(dui)預(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)構(gou)件的生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)過程(cheng)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)數字(zi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)建(jian)模和(he)(he)仿真，對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)設備進(jin)(jin)行(xing)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)管理，實(shi)(shi)現虛(xu)實(shi)(shi)融合，提(ti)升(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)效(xiao)率和(he)(he)質量，減少(shao)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)成本(ben)和(he)(he)資(zi)源浪費(fei)。基于人工(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、物(wu)聯網、5G等(deng)技(ji)術，實(shi)(shi)現設備聯網和(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)環(huan)節數字(zi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)連接(jie)，收(shou)集(ji)并實(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)分析生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)數據，對(dui)構(gou)件生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)實(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)監控、預(yu)測，強化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)標(biao)準作(zuo)業、可(ke)視管控，逐步實(shi)(shi)現自(zi)動化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)、無人運輸(shu)和(he)(he)自(zi)動化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)倉儲。
推進(jin)新(xin)(xin)型建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)業化(hua)(hua)，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)單位應(ying)(ying)加(jia)強技術(shu)(shu)(shu)創新(xin)(xin)和(he)管理創新(xin)(xin)。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)單位要全面(mian)提(ti)升智(zhi)能裝(zhuang)(zhuang)備(bei)研發、綠色建(jian)(jian)(jian)造、數(shu)字(zi)管理等方面(mian)的(de)(de)能力(li)(li)，推動我國建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)業高質量發展。一(yi)(yi)是加(jia)強技術(shu)(shu)(shu)創新(xin)(xin)。應(ying)(ying)大(da)力(li)(li)推廣(guang)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)配式綠色施(shi)(shi)工(gong)方案，逐步開發裝(zhuang)(zhuang)配式建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)成套技術(shu)(shu)(shu)，廣(guang)泛應(ying)(ying)用(yong)預制(zhi)構件吊(diao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)、支撐等施(shi)(shi)工(gong)機(ji)具，增強裝(zhuang)(zhuang)配式建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)能力(li)(li)，減少工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設過程(cheng)中的(de)(de)碳排放(fang)。同(tong)時，積極(ji)研發建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)機(ji)器人(ren)、智(zhi)能裝(zhuang)(zhuang)備(bei)系統等新(xin)(xin)型建(jian)(jian)(jian)造技術(shu)(shu)(shu)，逐漸替代(dai)傳統施(shi)(shi)工(gong)作業方式，提(ti)高工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設機(ji)械(xie)化(hua)(hua)、智(zhi)能化(hua)(hua)水平(ping)(ping)。二是加(jia)強管理創新(xin)(xin)。應(ying)(ying)加(jia)大(da)BIM、區塊鏈等信(xin)息技術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)集成與(yu)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)，提(ti)升采購、建(jian)(jian)(jian)造、維(wei)修等環節的(de)(de)管理水平(ping)(ping)，將(jiang)數(shu)字(zi)化(hua)(hua)、智(zhi)能化(hua)(hua)融(rong)入到施(shi)(shi)工(gong)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)管理全過程(cheng)，實現“無紙化(hua)(hua)”辦(ban)公以及數(shu)字(zi)化(hua)(hua)成果交付。應(ying)(ying)積極(ji)打造工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)造信(xin)息模型（EngineeringInformationModeling）等數(shu)字(zi)化(hua)(hua)管控平(ping)(ping)臺，實現與(yu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)其他利(li)益(yi)相關(guan)方之間的(de)(de)信(xin)息實時共享，消除施(shi)(shi)工(gong)協同(tong)過程(cheng)中的(de)(de)信(xin)息壁壘，對施(shi)(shi)工(gong)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)進(jin)行實時監控和(he)精細化(hua)(hua)管理，進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步提(ti)高施(shi)(shi)工(gong)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)管理水平(ping)(ping)。
新型建(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)業(ye)化，是生(sheng)產方(fang)式和(he)建(jian)(jian)造方(fang)式的(de)深刻變革，是未來建(jian)(jian)筑行業(ye)發展的(de)必然途徑。推(tui)動新型建(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)業(ye)化，將是一(yi)個長期的(de)、艱苦的(de)、全方(fang)位的(de)創新過程，需要整個建(jian)(jian)筑行業(ye)凝聚智慧，共同謀劃(hua)。通過所有建(jian)(jian)筑企業(ye)的(de)共同努力，我國(guo)建(jian)(jian)筑業(ye)一(yi)定會實(shi)現從低(di)端向(xiang)中高端邁進(jin)、從粗放建(jian)(jian)造向(xiang)綠色集(ji)約(yue)建(jian)(jian)造轉變的(de)發展目標，一(yi)定會踏(ta)上(shang)高效益、高質量、低(di)消耗(hao)、低(di)排放的(de)新型建(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)業(ye)化之路。
作者系北京交通大學經(jing)濟管(guan)理學院教授、博(bo)士生導師
